Chromatism |
xromatismos Kariki – tae, mai i te xroma – tae kiri, tae, peita; xromatikon – chromatic, tikanga genos – puninga
Pūnaha Halftone (e ai ki a A. Webern, ko te chromatism he "nekehanga i roto i te haurua"). Ko nga Chromatisms e rua nga momo punaha waahi - ko te "chroma" Kariki tawhito me te chromatism Pakeha.
1) "Chrome" - tetahi o nga matua e toru. “Te mau huru” o te tetrachord (aore ra “te mau huru pehe”) e te “diatone” e te “enarmony” (hi‘o i te pehe Heleni). I te taha o te whakakotahitanga (me te rereke ki te diatone) o te chromium, e tohuhia ana e te meka he iti iho te huinga o nga waahi iti e rua i te uara o te tuatoru. Ko taua "pupuhi" o nga waahi whaiti ka kiia. pykn (Pyknon Kariki, reta - kikii, maha). He rereke ki te enharmonics, he semitone nga waahi chroma iti rawa, hei tauira: e1 – des1 – c1 – h. Mai i te tirohanga o nga waiata hou o nga ariā Kariki. He rite tonu te chroma ki nga unahi me te SW. tuarua (i roto i te octave frets – me te rua hekona taapiri, pera i te aria o te Kuini o Shemakhan mai i te mahi tuarua o te opera The Golden Cockerel na Rimsky-Korsakov) a he tata ki te diatonic i te chromatic. Ko nga tohunga whakaaro Kariki ano i wehewehe i roto i te "whanau" "tae" (xroai), nga rereke rereke o te tetrachords o tetahi puninga. E ai ki a Aristoxenus, e toru nga "tae" (momo) o te chrome: tone (i roto i nga cents: 300 + 100 + 100), kotahi me te hawhe (350 + 75 + 75) me te ngawari (366 + 67 + 67).
Melodica chromatic. Ko te puninga i kiia he karakara (te ahua nei, no reira te ingoa). I te wa ano, i tohuhia ia he parakore, he "coddled". I te timatanga o te wa Karaitiana, chromatic. i whakahengia nga waiata i te mea kaore i te pai nga tikanga. nga whakaritenga (Clement of Alexandria). Kei Nar. waiata o te Rawhiti frets with uv. hekona (hemiolic) i mau tonu to ratou uara i te rautau 20. (Ka mea a Mohammed Awad Khawas, 1970). I roto i te reo Pakeha hou X. he rereke te takenga mai, na reira, he rereke te ahua.
2) Ko te ariā hou o X. e tohu ana ko te noho o te diatonicism hei turanga, ko X. "tae" (nga ariā o te chroma, tae i Marchetto o Padua; tirohia Gerbert M., t. 3, 1963, wha. 74B) . Ko te X. kua whakamaoritia he paparanga o te hanganga teitei, ka puta mai i te diatonic pakiaka (te kaupapa o te whakarereke; whakaritea ki te whakaaro o nga taumata hangahanga a G. Schenker). He rereke ki te Kariki, ko te kaupapa hou o X. e hono ana ki te whakaaro o te 6 oro (nga hikoinga waiata) i roto i te tetrachord (ko nga Kariki tonu e wha o ratou; Ko te whakaaro a Aristoxenus mo te tetrachord riterite o te semitone. ka noho tonu te hanganga he tangohanga ariā) me te 12 oro i roto i ia octave. Ko te waiata diatonicism "Nordic" e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te whakamaoritanga o X. hei "kopeke" o te diatonic. huānga, "whakamau" ki te reo diatonic. he rarangi o te paparanga tuarua (diatonic i roto ano) hei X. No reira te maapono o te punaha chromatic. nga ahuatanga, kua whakaritea i runga i te raupapa o te piki haere o te kiato, mai i te chromaticity tino onge ki te tino mtoto (A. Webern's hemitonics). Ka wehewehea a X. ki te waiata. me te chord (hei tauira, ka taea te reo diatonic parakore, me te waiata he chromatic, pera i te Chopin's etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), centripetal (e anga ana ki nga oro o te tonic. ., i te timatanga o te rereketanga tuatahi. o te wahanga 1 o te sonata 2 na L. Beethoven mo te piana.). Ko nga punaha o nga ahuatanga matua X.:
Ko te Modulation X. i hangaia hei hua o te whakahiatotanga o nga diatonic e rua, ka momotuhia ma te tohatoha ki nga waahanga rereke o te tito (L. Beethoven, te mutunga o te 9th piano sonata, te kaupapa matua me te whakawhiti; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, "Kowhai Nga wharangi” mo te piana, Nama 7, i konatunatua ki etahi atu momo X.); chromatic kei roto i nga punaha rereke nga oro, ka taea te wehe tawhiti. Pūnaharoto X. (i roto i nga rereke; tirohia te Pūnaharoto) e tohu ana i nga oro o te chromatic. nga hononga i roto i te punaha kotahi (JS Bach, te kaupapa o te h-moll fugue mai i te pukapuka tuatahi o te Well-Tempered Clavier), e whakapakeke ana i te X.
Ko te oro-arahi X. ka puta mai i te whakaurunga o nga oro tuwhera ki tetahi oro, oro ranei, me te kore o te wa whakarereke hei neke ki te uv. Ka whakaaetia e ahau (te iti o te whakakotahitanga; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, No 3, PI Tchaikovsky, te wahanga tuatahi o te 1th symphony, te timatanga o te kaupapa tuarua; ko te mea e kiia nei ko "Prokofiev's dominant"). Ko te whakarereketanga X. e hono ana ki te ahuatanga. Ko te waa he whakarereketanga o te diatonic. huānga (oro, chord) mā te hikoi chromatic. semitone – uv. Ka whakaae ahau, ka whakapuakina (L. Beethoven, 6th symphony, 5th movement, bars 4-56) or implied (AN Scriabin, Poem for piano op. 57 No 32, bars 2-1).
Ko te Mixed X. kei roto i te whakakotahitanga raupapa, i te wa kotahi ranei o nga huānga aratau, no ia o nga momo taatonika rereke (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, 1st movement, bar 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", 1 -th movement, bars 1 -2; SS Prokofiev, sonata No 6 mo te pianoforte, te nekehanga tuatahi, te pae 1; DD Shostakovich, te 1th symphony, te nekehanga tuatahi, nga nama 7-1 ; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "The Golden Cockerel", te whakauru waiata ki te Ture II; hangarite Ka taea e nga pupuhi te tata ki te X taiao). Natural X. ("organic chromaticity" e ai ki a A. Pusseru) kaore he diatonic. nga turanga (O. Messiaen, "35 tirohanga ..." mo te piana, No 36; EV Denisov, piano trio, 20st nekehanga; A. Webern, Bagatelli mo te piana, op. 3).
Theory X. in Greek. Ko nga kai-whakaaro he whakamaramatanga mo nga waahi chromatic. kōmaka mā te tātai pāngarau. hononga i waenganui i nga oro o te tetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Whakaaturia. Ko te ahua ("ethos") o te chroma he ahua ngawari, he parakore, i whakaahuahia e Aristoxen, Ptolemy, Philodem, Pachymer. Whakawhānui o nehe. X. ariā me te timatanga mo te Waenganui. Ko nga tohunga whakaaro he whakaaturanga korero mo X., no Boethius (te timatanga o te rautau 6 AD). Ko nga ahuatanga o te hou (oro whakataki, whakawhiti) X., i ara ake. Te rautau 13, i te tuatahi he ahua rerekee ka kiia he waiata "he" (musica fikta), he waiata "tikanga", he waiata "teka" (musica falsa). Ko te whakarapopototanga o nga oro chromatic hou (mai i nga taha papatahi me te koi), i puta mai a Prosdocimus de Beldemandis me te whakaaro mo te tauine reo 17-taahiraa:
Ko te “artificial” semitone whakauru o te tauine iti i noho tonu hei taonga tuku iho mo “ficta waiata”.
I te huarahi ki te rereketanga o te anharmonic. uara oro i roto i te con. 16th century mai i te ariā o X. branched microchromatics. Mai i te rau tau 17 ka whanake te ariā X. i runga i nga akoranga o te whakakotahitanga (he bass whanui ano hoki). Ko te whakarerekētanga me te puunaha-roto X. ka mahia i te tuatahi. hei whakawhitinga whakawhitinga o te pokapū whanaungatanga. nga pūtau o te ladotonality ki raro me te peripheral.
Tohutoro: 1) Anonymous, Introduction to Harmonics, Philological Review, 1894, vol. 7, pukapuka. 1-2; Petr VI, Mo nga titonga, nga hanganga me nga tikanga i roto i nga waiata Kariki tawhito, Kyiv, 1901; El Said Mohamed Awad Khawas, Modern Arabic Folk Song, M., 1970; Paul O., Boetius und die griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (comp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.
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Yu. H. Kholopov
